1. Struktur Teks Deskriptif (Generic Structure)
Teks deskriptif memiliki dua bagian utama:
- Identification: Terletak di paragraf pertama untuk memperkenalkan siapa atau apa yang sedang dideskripsikan.
- Description: Berisi penjelasan rinci mengenai karakteristik fisik, sifat, kebiasaan, bentuk, warna, atau fungsi objek.
2. Kaidah Kebahasaan (Language Features)
Dalam menyusun descriptive text, terdapat unsur tata bahasa utama yang wajib digunakan:
- Simple Present Tense: Menggunakan kata kerja bentuk pertama ($V_1$) atau to be (is, am, are) karena memuat fakta atau kebenaran umum.
- Adjectives (Kata Sifat): Berfungsi memberikan detail pada kata benda (noun), seperti tall, sharp, curly, durable.
- Specific Participant: Objek yang dideskripsikan bersifat spesifik, bukan general (contoh: My best friend Farhan atau My vintage watch, bukan sekadar a boy atau watches).
3. Kosakata untuk Mendeskripsikan Orang (Describing People)
Mendeskripsikan orang terbagi menjadi dua aspek utama: Physical Appearance (tampilan fisik) dan Personality (kepribadian).
| Kategori | Kosakata Umum | Contoh Kalimat |
| Height & Build | Tall, short, slim, athletic, well-built | He has an athletic build because he exercises daily. |
| Face & Hair | Oval face, sharp nose, wavy hair, fair skin | She has long wavy hair and bright brown eyes. |
| Personality | Humble, confident, ambitious, friendly, patient | Despite her success, she remains humble and polite. |
4. Urutan Kata Sifat untuk Benda (Adjective Order)
Saat mendeskripsikan benda (describing things) dengan lebih dari satu kata sifat, gunakan aturan urutan OSASCOMP:
- Opinion: beautiful, expensive, comfortable
- Size: large, tiny, compact
- Age: ancient, modern, antique
- Shape: rectangular, spherical, oval
- Color: crimson, matte black, metallic
- Origin: Japanese, Italian, Indonesian
- Material: leather, wooden, titanium
- Purpose: running (shoes), dining (table), gaming (laptop)
Contoh: A beautiful, small, modern, black, Japanese leather bag.
5. Contoh Teks Singkat Beserta Strukturnya
Contoh 1: Describing a Person
My Athletic Sister, Rina
[Identification]
My older sister, Rina, is a passionate badminton athlete in our high school. She is seventeen years old and trains very hard every single day.
[Description]
Rina is quite tall and has an athletic body. She has an oval face with sharp dark eyes and shoulder-length black hair that she always ties in a ponytail during matches. Beyond her physical appearance, Rina is a determined and disciplined person. Whenever she faces a difficult opponent, she stays calm and focused until the game ends.
Contoh 2: Describing a Thing
My Favorite Mechanical Keyboard
[Identification]
I have a compact mechanical keyboard that my father gave me for my sixteenth birthday. It is an essential tool for completing my school assignments.
[Description]
The keyboard is a small, rectangular device with a sleek matte black aluminum frame. It features tactile mechanical switches that produce a crisp, satisfying clicking sound every time I type. In addition, it is equipped with customizable RGB backlighting that illuminates the keys in dark environments, making it both practical and visually appealing.
Kunci utama dalam menulis teks deskriptif yang efektif adalah ketepatan memilih kata sifat (adjectives) yang spesifik dan penggunaan pola Simple Present Tense yang konsisten.
